Abstract:

The mother tongue is an indispensable element in the social interaction between people. The developed mother tongue is an advantage of a child when starting school. The mother tongue is the language a child learns as the first one in the process of socialization (Lemhöfer, K., Schriefers, H., & Hanique, I. 2010), the language a child has learnt in his life, and which influences a child’s future. Bernstein (1971) considers a language the main means of person’s socialization, and draws attention to a direct relationship between a social group and a language.

In the paper, we deal with language competence in the pupils in first year of school attendance. The study objective was to find out the language competence in the pupils in the Slovak language (a school language) in the first year of school attendance. The sample consisted of two groups of pupils including the pupils with the Slovak mother tongue (a language used in school) and the pupils with the Roma mother tongue. Both groups were tested by the same standardized test for Slovak pupils. The results show two significant findings. The test scores in the Roma pupils were significantly lower than in the Slovak pupils. For Roma pupils, it is extremely important what environment they live in. We found out the weaker was the social environment they lived in the worse were their results in testing in both Slovak and Roma languages. So, the environment strongly determined their language competences. We ascribe this status to the possibility that children whose mother tongue is Roma come from socially disadvantaged environment which is accompanied by poverty and social exclusion. The environment children grow up in significantly influences also their language abilities and understanding of the concepts. Our findings are identical with those by Bourdieu (1990) who, based on his theories, states that children from socially more stimulating environment – families obtain better habitus and cultural capital as they are more prepared for school, are more linguistically efficient, and understand the concepts significantly better.

Keywords:

Mother tongue, Romany language, Slovak language, socially disadvantaged enviroment.