Abstract:

Grade appeals represent a fundamental mechanism for ensuring fairness, transparency, and procedural integrity in high-stakes educational assessments. This study explores the dynamics of assessment reevaluation in the Romanian Baccalaureate examination system, focusing on the appeal process between 2017 and 2024. Using student-level data from eight consecutive Baccalaureate exam sessions, the research aims to analyze when, why, and by whom appeals were submitted, as well as under what conditions grades were modified following reevaluation.

Descriptive statistics, inter-annual comparisons, and multivariate modeling were applied to explore the frequency and distribution of grade appeals across subjects, examination years, and student demographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were employed to identify predictors of appeal submission, while outcome modeling was used to estimate the likelihood of grade changes following appeals. The analysis also considered potential disparities related to gender, educational profile, and geographic location, aiming to detect structural differences in appeal participation and success rates.

By examining the characteristics and outcomes of grade appeals, this study contributes to ongoing discussions on fairness and trust in standardized assessment systems. The findings intend to provide insights for policymakers, educators, and assessment authorities seeking to enhance the equity and transparency of national examination procedures.

Keywords:

Grade appeals, Baccalaureate, exam, Logistic regression, education.