Abstract:

This paper presents a system-level analysis of how Living Labs operate as learning-oriented innovation ecosystems within universities of applied sciences in the Netherlands. Living Labs are multi-actor environments designed for iterative experimentation, rapid prototyping and user-driven knowledge production. Despite their widespread adoption, empirical understanding of their operational configuration, performance conditions and systemic vulnerabilities remains limited.

The study was carried out within the national SPRONG PASS (Practise, Applied Science and Society) programme and examined 24 Living Labs across eight institutions. Using a multi-level qualitative design, data were collected from focus groups with lab coordinators and semi-structured interviews at lab, school and institutional levels. The analytical procedure consisted of open coding, axial categorisation and cross-case synthesis, enabling the reconstruction of operational patterns across diverse institutional architectures.

The results identify seven core success factors that enhance system performance. These include robust local embedding, clearly defined co-creation methodologies, high utilisation of student capacity, effective cross-boundary coordination and distributed leadership mechanisms. Together, these factors constitute the operational backbone that enables Living Labs to function as adaptive learning systems capable of responding to societal challenges.

However, the analysis also uncovers seven structural weaknesses that constrain system stability. These include temporality of funding streams, limited vertical alignment with institutional governance, absence of role formalisation for lab coordinators, inconsistent workflows and lack of integrated impact-monitoring frameworks. These weaknesses produce system-wide fragmentation and dependency on individual actors rather than organisational structures.

Building on this technical assessment, the study formulates seven design principles aimed at strengthening system robustness. These principles concern institutional positioning, role formalisation, long-term resource allocation, relational infrastructure design, workflow standardisation, integration of educational pathways and development of multi-dimensional impact metrics. Additionally, a diagnostic reflection instrument has been developed, consisting of a self-evaluation matrix, decision-support prompts and methodological resources to support continuous system optimisation.

The study demonstrates that the technical functioning of Living Labs depends on the alignment between operational practice and institutional architecture. The proposed design principles provide a framework for developing Living Labs as resilient learning innovation ecosystems.

Keywords:

Living Labs, Innovation ecosystems, Boundary spanning, Co-creation, System design principles, Organisational learning, Multi-level analysis.