Abstract:

Considerable research has been conducted on asynchronous learning in higher education (Hart, 2012; Means, 2009; Nortvig, 2018; Raes et al., 2020; Watts, 2016) often comparing online to in-person classrooms. Far less research has focussed on synchronous learning (e.g., Watts, 2016) and specifically factors that influence its effectiveness. This study examined 403 higher education students’ perspectives on the benefits and challenges of learning in synchronous learning environments. A thematic analysis based on a modified version of Garrison’s (2011) elearning framework of over 1000 student comments revealed five key areas documenting the benefits and challenges of learning in synchronous classrooms. These include Garrison’s (2011) three main pillars of teaching, social and cognitive presence as well as learner presence and the overall structure of the program. The relative impact of these areas is decidedly different when examining student benefits and challenges. Based on student comments, we offer recommendations for educators and future researchers in synchronous learning environments.

References:
[1] Hart, C. (2012). Factors associated with student persistence in an online program of study: A review of the literature. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 11(1). https://www.ncolr.org/jiol/issues/pdf/11.1.2.pdf
[2] Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Report for US Department of Education. https://repository.alt.ac.uk/629/1/US_DepEdu_Final_report_2009.pdf
[3] Nortvig, A. M., Petersen, A. K., & Balle, S. H. (2018). A literature review of the factors influencing e‑learning and blended learning in relation to learning outcome, student satisfaction and engagement. Electronic Journal of E-learning, 16(1), 46-55.
[4] Raes, A., Detienne, L., Windey, I., & Depaepe, F. (2020). A systematic literature review on synchronous hybrid learning: gaps identified. Learning Environments Research, 23(3), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09303-z
[5] Watts, L. (2016). Synchronous and asynchronous communication in distance learning: A review of the literature. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 17(1), 23.

Keywords:

Synchronous learning, online learning, higher education, effectiveness, benefits, challenges.