Abstract:

This paper explores the rich tapestry of astronomical and mathematical knowledge that underpins the construction of premodern Malay calendars, emphasizing its origins in Islamic scientific practices. It sheds light on the sophisticated methodologies employed in the production of astronomical tables, essential tools for the accurate compilation of calendars. These tables, enriched with data on the durations of months and years, corrections, and mathematical calculations, were instrumental in the detailed planning of time based on celestial observations and theoretical analyses conducted in historical observatories. The calendar compilation process in the premodern Malay world exemplifies a remarkable blend of direct adoption and contextual adaptation of astronomical tables from Islamic civilization. This entailed not only the straightforward transference of these tables but also their modification and enhancement by local Malay astronomers to suit regional needs. A notable methodological advancement made by these astronomers was the utilization of average values for the periods of lunar and solar movements, aiming to refine the calendar's precision and usability for the public. By conducting a quantitative analysis of the use of annual average values in tracking the Moon's orbit, this study uncovers a deliberate scientific effort to mitigate day count discrepancies within the lunar calendar. This investigation into the scientific underpinnings of the premodern Malay calendar not only highlights the contributions of Islamic and local Malay astronomers to the field of astronomy but also brings to the fore the potential educational value of integrating this historical, scientific wisdom into contemporary learning environments. This research advocates for the inclusion of these historical astronomical practices in educational curricula, proposing a multidisciplinary approach that connects students with the legacy of Islamic science and mathematics through the lens of historical timekeeping. Such an educational strategy enriches the learning experience by providing students with a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of scientific thought and its practical applications in society, fostering a greater appreciation for the intellectual endeavours of past civilizations in shaping our modern world.

Keywords:

Premodern Malay Calendars, Islamic Astronomy, Mathematical Methodologies, Educational Integration, Historical Timekeeping Practices.