Abstract:

Plagiarism is one of the aspects of the researcher's conduct that the ALLEA code (2005) includes among the bad research practices. Plagiarism, when a work or part of it is copied in substance and when it is covert, is an academic fraud and, therefore, is the product of deception. Academic fraud can be carried out with the invention of data, omission of ideas from other authors, which are changed with paraphrases without indicating the bibliographic source, etc.

This paper proposes a code of conduct to prevent fraud, plagiarism and conflicts of interest. On the one hand, a forward-looking approach will be established, and measures will be proposed to avoid bad practices. In addition, a casuistry of the main problems that are usually found in academic work will be established, such as reduplicated publication, fictitious authorship, multiple co-authorship in a systematic way, and conflicts of interest. This area is not widely studied in research ethics manuals, so a typology of conflicts of interest that may arise in the publication of research results will be established. There will be a conflict of interest when any of the agents involved in the publication process have financial or personal relationships that inappropriately influence their actions, especially their ability to judge, regardless of whether this inappropriate bias has existed. Here we understand mainly financial relationships with industry, but also reasons such as personal relationships, academic rivalries or intellectual passion.

Manuscripts that are published in any medium must meet a series of requirements, which will be detailed in this paper: Originality and novelty of results, relevance (the article must be useful and advance knowledge in its area), with methodological quality that results in reliability and academic validity, clear and precise writing, logical consistency and good presentation of the material.

In addition, the concept of open science and copyright will be included under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License and a digital archiving policy so that publications can be shared with the criterion of honesty and open science among the rest of the researchers since everything that is not published does not exist. Being an open-access publication does not prevent the author's intellectual property rights from being maintained.
In short, this paper will detail the most common bad practices in research and propose measures to avoid them.

Keywords:

Plagiarism, academic fraud, ALLEA, researchers, copyright.