Abstract:

Educational failure is an actual problem in many countries of the world. It is also typical for Russian education. For various reasons, the number of unsuccessful schoolchildren and students in Russia has been growing in recent years. However, it is not customary to discuss this problem in public discourse. Schools and universities try to carefully mask the symptoms of educational failure of students, so as not to get the label of ineffective educational organizations. Meanwhile, world experience shows not only the need for an open discussion of this problem, but also the possibility of constructive approaches to its solution.
The aim of the research was to study the process of transfer (inheritance) of educational failure from Schools to Universities in the context of Russian education.

Research tasks:
1. Elaboration of a theoretical framework for studying the transfer of educational failure from School to University.
2. Identification and description of the main institutional mechanisms of transfer of educational failure from School to University.
3. Analysis of risks that the transfer of educational failure creates for school and university education in Russia.
Empirical base of the article:
1. The results of a series of sociological researches on the quality of school and higher education in the Ural Federal district (2016-2019). The research was conducted by a research team of sociologists of the Ural Federal University with the participation of the authors of this article.
2. The data of Monitoring the effectiveness of higher education institutions (Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation, 2016-2018) and Monitoring the quality of admission to universities (Higher School of Economics, 2016-2019).

Research results:
1. A sociological approach to the study of the transfer of educational failure from Schools to Universities has been elaborated. The theoretical background for this was the theories of human capital and «Institutional traps» in education. The concept of transfer of educational failure means the transition of unsuccessful learners to another level of education with the preservation and strengthening of main features of educational failure. These features include lack of educational motivation, knowledge and self-education skills, unreadiness to choosing a profession, tendency to academic dishonesty. Cognitive, motivational, value characteristics of unsuccessful students do not meet the requirements of universities. The mechanisms of transfer of educational failure are based on institutional practices that directly or indirectly open access to higher education to large groups of unsuccessful school students.
2. The main institutional mechanisms of transfer of educational failure from School to University were analyzed, including the Unified State Examination, the policy of quality of admission to universities, the policy of «selection» of capable and talented youth. In the context of the analyzed problem, they are considered as «institutional traps» that create conditions for the transfer of educational failure.
3. The authors identified such risks of transfer of educational failure as: deformation of educational motivation of schoolchildren and students, decrease in level of readiness to learning at the University, loss of quality of school and university education, increase of «uneducated» students, their concentration in provincial universities.

Keywords:

Educational failure, transfer of educational failure, students, universities, schoolchildren, schools.